The period of the Umayyads Khilafahan
90-year-old is just beginning in the reign of Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan,
after the killing of Ali bin Abi Talib, and then the people of Medina
allegiance Hasan bin Hasan bin Ali but Ali gave this caliphate to
Mu'awiyah position Abu Sufyan bin in
order to reconcile the Muslims who at the time it was hit by a variety
of defamation that began in the killing of Uthman ibn Affan, battle of
Siffin, Jamal war and the betrayal of the people Kharijites and Shiites,
and the recent killing of Ali bin Abi Talib.
At the time of Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan
halted the expansion area at the time of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan and Ali
ibn Abi Talib resumed, beginning with the conquest of Tunisia, then
expansion to the east, with the control area to the river Oxus Khurasan
and Afghanistan to Kabul. While the navy has started doing raids into the
Byzantine capital, Constantinople. While this expansion to the east and
then continued back on the Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan. Abdul Malik bin Marwan sent troops across the river Oxus,
and managed to subdue Balkanabad, Bukhara, Khawarizm, Ferghana and
Samarkand. Troops
even to India and master Baluchistan, Sind and the Punjab region to
Maltan.
Westward
expansion on a large scale was continued at the time of Al-Walid bin
Abdul-Malik. The reign of al-Walid is the
peace, prosperity and order. Muslims feel happy life. During his reign that runs about
ten years that recorded a military expedition from North Africa to the
southwest region, the continent of Europe, namely in the year 711 AD After Algeria and Morocco can ditundukan, Tariq ibn Ziyad, the
leader of the Islamic forces, the army crossed the strait which
separates Morocco (sunset) with the European continent, and landed at a
place now known by the name of Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq). Spanish army can be defeated. Thus,
Spain became the target further expansion. The capital of
Spain, Cordoba, with the speed can be controlled. Following after that other cities such as Seville, Elvira and
Toledo who made the new capital city of Spain after the fall of Cordoba.
Islamic forces gained victory with ease due
to the support of local people which has long suffered the cruelty of
the rulers.
At
the time of Umar bin Abdul-Aziz, an attack carried into France through
the Pyrenees. The attack was led by Aburrahman bin Abdullah
al-Ghafiqi. He began by attacking Bordeaux, Poitiers. From there he tried to
attack Tours. However, in a war that takes place outside the city of
Tours, al-Ghafiqi killed, and his army retreated back to Spain. Besides the areas mentioned above, there are
islands in the Mediterranean (Mediterranean) also fell into the hands of
Islam at this time of the Umayyads.
With the successful expansion into many areas, both east
and west, the Islamic empire of the Umayyads was truly immense. Those regions include Spain, North Africa,
Syria, Palestine, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, parts of Asia Minor,
Persia, Afghanistan, the area now called Pakistan, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia.
Besides expanding the
power of Islam, the Umayyads also widely credited with the development
in various fields. Muawiyah ibn Abu
Sufyan establish post offices and places specified by providing a
complete horse equipment along the way. He
also tried to order the armed forces and print currency. At the time, a special office of a judge (Qadi) began to
develop into a separate profession, Qadi is a specialist in their field.
Abdul
Malik bin Marwan change the Byzantine and Persian currencies used in
areas controlled by Islam. For that, he scored own money in the year 659 AD with the use of
words and writing Arabic. Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan, also
succeeded in reforming the public administration reform and imposed
Arabic as the official language of the Islamic administration. This success was continued by his son Al-Walid bin Abdul-Malik
(705-715 AD) promote development, including building asylums for people
with disabilities, and workers are still paid by the state. And build roads that connect one region to
another, factories, government buildings and magnificent mosques.
Despite the
success achieved daulah lot, but does not mean that domestic politics
can be considered stable. At the time of Muawiyah ibn Abu
Sufyan is a succession of power is monarchiheridetis (hereditary
leadership) was introduced, which when he required all citizens to
declare loyalty to his son, Yazid bin Muawiyah ie. Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan is affected by the monarchy in
Persia and Byzantium, the term still used caliph, Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan
but provide their own interpretation of those words where the caliph of
God in the sense that the authorities appointed by God.
And then Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan is considered
not obey the contents of its agreement with Hasan ibn Ali when he
ascended the throne, which states that the matter be submitted to the
selection of the replacement of the leadership of Muslims. Declaration of appointment of his son Yazid bin Muawiyah
as the heir apparent cause the appearance of opposition movements among
the people which resulted in civil war several times and sustained. When Yazid bin
Muawiyah to the throne, a leading figure in Medina did not want to
declare loyalty to him. Yazid bin Muawiyah then sent
a letter to the governor of Medina, asking him to force people to take
the oath of allegiance to him. In this way, everyone was forced to
bow, but Husayn bin Ali Ibn Abu Talib and Abdullah bin Zubair Ibn Awwam.
Simultaneously,
the Shiites (followers of Abdullah bin Saba 'al-Jews) to consolidate
(merge) the power back, and incited to fight Husayn ibn Ali.
Husayn ibn Ali himself in the temple
as the caliph in Medina, in the year 680 AD, Yazid bin Muawiyah sent
troops to force Husayn bin Ali to declare the faithful, however unequal
battle was later known as the Battle of Karbala, Husayn ibn Ali was
killed, his head cut
off and sent to Damascus, his body was buried in Karbala an area near
Kufa. Shiite groups continue to make
itself even more persistent and fight with them are led by Al-Mukhtar in
Kufa in AD 685-687 Al-Mukhtar (who in turn claimed to be a prophet) had many
followers from among the mawali (ie non-Arab Muslims, originally from
Persia, Armenia and others) are in the Umayyad period are considered as
second-class citizens. But the
opposition Al-Mukhtar himself crushed by Abdullah bin Zubair, who
declared himself openly as a Caliph after Husayn ibn Ali was killed. Although he did not succeed in stopping the Shiite
movement as a whole.
Abdullah bin Zubair build strength in Mecca after
he refused to swear allegiance to Yazid bin Muawiyah. Yazid
bin Muawiyah soldiers besieging Medina and Mecca again. The
two armies met and the battle was unavoidable. However,
this war stops because Yazid bin Muawiyah taklama later died and the
Umayyad army returned to Damascus. Abdullah bin Zubair
resistance will be destroyed during the caliphate of Abdul Malik bin
Marwan, who then re-transmit the Umayyad army led by al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
ath-Thaqafi and killed Abdullah bin Zubair in the year 73 H/692 AD
After that the other
movements that waged by the Kharijites and Shiites can also be
mitigated. This success makes the orientation
of the Umayyad government began to be directed towards securing the
areas of power in the eastern region (including surrounding cities in
Central Asia) and northern Africa region, and even pave the way to
conquer Spain (Al-Andalus). Selanjuytnya government relations with
the opposition to improve in the reign of Caliph Umar bin Abdul-Aziz
(717-720 AD), which was appointed as caliph, said it would improve and
enhance the lands within the territory of Islam in order to be better
than adding expansion, development in the country where the
main priority, easing the zakat, mawali position aligned with the Muslim
Arab. Although very short reign, but was aware of Shiite
groups, and give freedom to people of other faiths to worship according
to faith and belief.
Reduction
After the death of
Umar bin Abdul-Aziz, the Umayyads followed by Yazid ibn Abdul-Malik
(720-724 AD). People
who previously lived in tranquility and peace, at the time turned into a
mess. With a background of political and ethnic interests,
the state of confrontation against the government of Yazid ibn
Abdul-Malik luxury and tends to pay less attention to people's lives. The unrest continued
until the reign of the next Caliph, Hisham bin Abdul-Malik (724-743 AD).
Even
in this period there appeared a new force in the future become a
formidable challenge to the rule of the Umayyads. Power is drawn from the Bani Hashim mawali supported
by the group. Although
the actual Hisham bin Abdul-Malik was a strong and skilled caliph. However, because the opposition is
getting stronger, so it does not work dipadamkannya.
After Hisham bin Abdul-Malik's death, the Umayyad caliphs the
next show is not only weak but also morally bad. This further strengthens the
opposition. And finally, in the year 750
AD, the Umayyad Daula overthrown by the Abbasids which is a portion of
the Bani Hashim itself, where Marwan bin Muhammad, the last caliph of
the Umayyads, though managed to flee to Egypt, but later was captured
and killed there. Marwan bin Muhammad's death marked the end of the
Umayyads in the east (Damascus) is replaced by the Abbasid Daula, and
began a new era of the Umayyad dynasty in Al-Andalus.
The main article for this section are: Umayyad Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus,
or (the Spanish and Portuguese now) started conquered by Muslims in the
days of the Umayyad caliph, Al-Walid bin Abdul-Malik (705-715 AD),
where the Muslim army that had previously been controlled North Africa
and make it one province
of the Umayyad dynasty.
In
the process of conquest began with the first victory of Tariq ibn Ziyad
is achieved by making way for the conquest of the region more broadly. Then the Muslims under the leadership of Musa
bin Nushair also managed to conquer Sidonia, Karmona, Seville, and
Merida as well as defeating the ruling royal Goth, Theodomir in
Orihuela, she was joined by Tariq at Toledo. Furthermore,
they managed to control all important cities in Spain, including its
northern part, from Zaragoza to Navarre.
The next wave of territorial expansion came during
the reign of Caliph Umar bin Abdul-Aziz year 99 H/717 AD, where the
target is intended to control the area around the Pyrenees and southern
France. Entrusted to the chief of Al-Samah, but his efforts failed and
he was himself killed in the year 102 H. Furthermore, the chief handed over to Abdullah bin
Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi. With his troops, he attacked the city of Bordeaux, Poitiers and
from here he tried to attack the city of Tours, in this city he was
arrested by Charles Martel, who became known as the Battle of Tours,
al-Ghafiqi killed so that the invasion of France failed, and the Muslims
retreated to Spain .
At the time of the conquest of Spain by the Muslims, the
social, political, and economic development of this country are in
pathetic state. Politically,
the territory of Spain was torn apart and divided into several small
countries. Along
with the Goth ruler being intolerant of religious sects that embraced
by the authorities, namely the flow of Monophysites, especially toward
other religions, Judaism. Judaism which form the bulk of the population of
Spain was forced to be baptized in the Christian religion. Are not
willing to be tortured, and brutally murdered.
The poor state of
social, economic, and religious is primarily due to the chaotic
political situation. The worst conditions occurred during the reign of
King Roderic, the last King of the Goths defeated the Muslim army. Early destruction of the kingdom of the Visigoths was when
Roderic move its capital from Seville to Toledo, while Witiza, who was a
ruler of the territory of Toledo, was dismissed just like that. This state and incurred the wrath of Oppas Achila, brother
and son Witiza. Both were later gathered
up the strength to topple Roderic. They went to North
Africa and joined the Muslims. Meanwhile there is also conflict between the Queen of
King Roderick Julian, a former ruler of Septah. Julian also joined the Muslims in North Africa and support the
efforts of Muslims to master Spanish, Julian even lend four ships used
by Tharif, Tariq and Musa.
This benefit is that the Muslim army consisting of soldiers
Roderic oppressed slaves no longer have the spirit of war, in addition,
Jews who had been depressed also have fellowship and providing
assistance to fight the Muslims. When
the conquest is the conquest of the leaders of powerful figures, which
have a compact army, and full of confidence. Equally
important are the teachings of Islam that indicated the soldiers of
Islam, namely tolerance, fraternity and mutual help. The attitude of religious tolerance and
brotherhood contained in the person of the Muslims that led to the
Spanish population welcomed the presence of Islam there.
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