history of the Islamic empire

      Bani Umayyaha :  The Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: بنو أمية, Banu Umayyad, Umayyad dynasty) or the Umayyad Caliphate, the Islamic Caliphate after the first four caliphs who ruled from 661 to 750 in the Arabian Peninsula and its environs; and from 756 to 1031 in Cordoba, Spain as the OttomanUmayyad Al-Andalus. This name referred to the Umayyad dynasty, the son of 'Abd ash-Shams, great-grandfather of the first caliph of the Umayyads, which Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan or sometimes referred to as Muawiyah I.
The Golden Age Of Islam
         The period of the Umayyads Khilafahan 90-year-old is just beginning in the reign of Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan, after the killing of Ali bin Abi Talib, and then the people of Medina allegiance Hasan bin Hasan bin Ali but Ali gave this caliphate to Mu'awiyah position Abu Sufyan bin in order to reconcile the Muslims who at the time it was hit by a variety of defamation that began in the killing of Uthman ibn Affan, battle of Siffin, Jamal war and the betrayal of the people Kharijites and Shiites, and the recent killing of Ali bin Abi Talib.


      At the time of Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan halted the expansion area at the time of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib resumed, beginning with the conquest of Tunisia, then expansion to the east, with the control area to the river Oxus Khurasan and Afghanistan to Kabul. While the navy has started doing raids into the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. While this expansion to the east and then continued back on the Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan. Abdul Malik bin Marwan sent troops across the river Oxus, and managed to subdue Balkanabad, Bukhara, Khawarizm, Ferghana and Samarkand. Troops even to India and master Baluchistan, Sind and the Punjab region to Maltan.


   Westward expansion on a large scale was continued at the time of Al-Walid bin Abdul-Malik. The reign of al-Walid is the peace, prosperity and order. Muslims feel happy life. During his reign that runs about ten years that recorded a military expedition from North Africa to the southwest region, the continent of Europe, namely in the year 711 AD After Algeria and Morocco can ditundukan, Tariq ibn Ziyad, the leader of the Islamic forces, the army crossed the strait which separates Morocco (sunset) with the European continent, and landed at a place now known by the name of Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq). Spanish army can be defeated. Thus, Spain became the target further expansion. The capital of Spain, Cordoba, with the speed can be controlled. Following after that other cities such as Seville, Elvira and Toledo who made the new capital city of Spain after the fall of Cordoba. Islamic forces gained victory with ease due to the support of local people which has long suffered the cruelty of the rulers.


       At the time of Umar bin Abdul-Aziz, an attack carried into France through the Pyrenees. The attack was led by Aburrahman bin Abdullah al-Ghafiqi. He began by attacking Bordeaux, Poitiers. From there he tried to attack Tours. However, in a war that takes place outside the city of Tours, al-Ghafiqi killed, and his army retreated back to Spain. Besides the areas mentioned above, there are islands in the Mediterranean (Mediterranean) also fell into the hands of Islam at this time of the Umayyads.


     With the successful expansion into many areas, both east and west, the Islamic empire of the Umayyads was truly immense. Those regions include Spain, North Africa, Syria, Palestine, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, parts of Asia Minor, Persia, Afghanistan, the area now called Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia.


     Besides expanding the power of Islam, the Umayyads also widely credited with the development in various fields. Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan establish post offices and places specified by providing a complete horse equipment along the way. He also tried to order the armed forces and print currency. At the time, a special office of a judge (Qadi) began to develop into a separate profession, Qadi is a specialist in their field. Abdul Malik bin Marwan change the Byzantine and Persian currencies used in areas controlled by Islam. For that, he scored own money in the year 659 AD with the use of words and writing Arabic. Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan, also succeeded in reforming the public administration reform and imposed Arabic as the official language of the Islamic administration. This success was continued by his son Al-Walid bin Abdul-Malik (705-715 AD) promote development, including building asylums for people with disabilities, and workers are still paid by the state. And build roads that connect one region to another, factories, government buildings and magnificent mosques.


Despite the success achieved daulah lot, but does not mean that domestic politics can be considered stable. At the time of Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan is a succession of power is monarchiheridetis (hereditary leadership) was introduced, which when he required all citizens to declare loyalty to his son, Yazid bin Muawiyah ie. Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan is affected by the monarchy in Persia and Byzantium, the term still used caliph, Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan but provide their own interpretation of those words where the caliph of God in the sense that the authorities appointed by God.


    And then Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan is considered not obey the contents of its agreement with Hasan ibn Ali when he ascended the throne, which states that the matter be submitted to the selection of the replacement of the leadership of Muslims. Declaration of appointment of his son Yazid bin Muawiyah as the heir apparent cause the appearance of opposition movements among the people which resulted in civil war several times and sustained. When Yazid bin Muawiyah to the throne, a leading figure in Medina did not want to declare loyalty to him. Yazid bin Muawiyah then sent a letter to the governor of Medina, asking him to force people to take the oath of allegiance to him. In this way, everyone was forced to bow, but Husayn bin Ali Ibn Abu Talib and Abdullah bin Zubair Ibn Awwam. Simultaneously, the Shiites (followers of Abdullah bin Saba 'al-Jews) to consolidate (merge) the power back, and incited to fight Husayn ibn Ali.


    Husayn ibn Ali himself in the temple as the caliph in Medina, in the year 680 AD, Yazid bin Muawiyah sent troops to force Husayn bin Ali to declare the faithful, however unequal battle was later known as the Battle of Karbala, Husayn ibn Ali was killed, his head cut off and sent to Damascus, his body was buried in Karbala an area near Kufa. Shiite groups continue to make itself even more persistent and fight with them are led by Al-Mukhtar in Kufa in AD 685-687 Al-Mukhtar (who in turn claimed to be a prophet) had many followers from among the mawali (ie non-Arab Muslims, originally from Persia, Armenia and others) are in the Umayyad period are considered as second-class citizens. But the opposition Al-Mukhtar himself crushed by Abdullah bin Zubair, who declared himself openly as a Caliph after Husayn ibn Ali was killed. Although he did not succeed in stopping the Shiite movement as a whole.


    Abdullah bin Zubair build strength in Mecca after he refused to swear allegiance to Yazid bin Muawiyah. Yazid bin Muawiyah soldiers besieging Medina and Mecca again. The two armies met and the battle was unavoidable. However, this war stops because Yazid bin Muawiyah taklama later died and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus. Abdullah bin Zubair resistance will be destroyed during the caliphate of Abdul Malik bin Marwan, who then re-transmit the Umayyad army led by al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ath-Thaqafi and killed Abdullah bin Zubair in the year 73 H/692 AD


    After that the other movements that waged by the Kharijites and Shiites can also be mitigated. This success makes the orientation of the Umayyad government began to be directed towards securing the areas of power in the eastern region (including surrounding cities in Central Asia) and northern Africa region, and even pave the way to conquer Spain (Al-Andalus). Selanjuytnya government relations with the opposition to improve in the reign of Caliph Umar bin Abdul-Aziz (717-720 AD), which was appointed as caliph, said it would improve and enhance the lands within the territory of Islam in order to be better than adding expansion, development in the country where the main priority, easing the zakat, mawali position aligned with the Muslim Arab. Although very short reign, but was aware of Shiite groups, and give freedom to people of other faiths to worship according to faith and belief.

Reduction

      After the death of Umar bin Abdul-Aziz, the Umayyads followed by Yazid ibn Abdul-Malik (720-724 AD). People who previously lived in tranquility and peace, at the time turned into a mess. With a background of political and ethnic interests, the state of confrontation against the government of Yazid ibn Abdul-Malik luxury and tends to pay less attention to people's lives. The unrest continued until the reign of the next Caliph, Hisham bin Abdul-Malik (724-743 AD). Even in this period there appeared a new force in the future become a formidable challenge to the rule of the Umayyads. Power is drawn from the Bani Hashim mawali supported by the group. Although the actual Hisham bin Abdul-Malik was a strong and skilled caliph. However, because the opposition is getting stronger, so it does not work dipadamkannya.


    After Hisham bin Abdul-Malik's death, the Umayyad caliphs the next show is not only weak but also morally bad. This further strengthens the opposition. And finally, in the year 750 AD, the Umayyad Daula overthrown by the Abbasids which is a portion of the Bani Hashim itself, where Marwan bin Muhammad, the last caliph of the Umayyads, though managed to flee to Egypt, but later was captured and killed there. Marwan bin Muhammad's death marked the end of the Umayyads in the east (Damascus) is replaced by the Abbasid Daula, and began a new era of the Umayyad dynasty in Al-Andalus.

   
The main article for this section are: Umayyad Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus, or (the Spanish and Portuguese now) started conquered by Muslims in the days of the Umayyad caliph, Al-Walid bin Abdul-Malik (705-715 AD), where the Muslim army that had previously been controlled North Africa and make it one province of the Umayyad dynasty.


In the process of conquest began with the first victory of Tariq ibn Ziyad is achieved by making way for the conquest of the region more broadly. Then the Muslims under the leadership of Musa bin Nushair also managed to conquer Sidonia, Karmona, Seville, and Merida as well as defeating the ruling royal Goth, Theodomir in Orihuela, she was joined by Tariq at Toledo. Furthermore, they managed to control all important cities in Spain, including its northern part, from Zaragoza to Navarre.


    The next wave of territorial expansion came during the reign of Caliph Umar bin Abdul-Aziz year 99 H/717 AD, where the target is intended to control the area around the Pyrenees and southern France. Entrusted to the chief of Al-Samah, but his efforts failed and he was himself killed in the year 102 H. Furthermore, the chief handed over to Abdullah bin Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi. With his troops, he attacked the city of Bordeaux, Poitiers and from here he tried to attack the city of Tours, in this city he was arrested by Charles Martel, who became known as the Battle of Tours, al-Ghafiqi killed so that the invasion of France failed, and the Muslims retreated to Spain .


At the time of the conquest of Spain by the Muslims, the social, political, and economic development of this country are in pathetic state. Politically, the territory of Spain was torn apart and divided into several small countries. Along with the Goth ruler being intolerant of religious sects that embraced by the authorities, namely the flow of Monophysites, especially toward other religions, Judaism. Judaism which form the bulk of the population of Spain was forced to be baptized in the Christian religion. Are not willing to be tortured, and brutally murdered.


     The poor state of social, economic, and religious is primarily due to the chaotic political situation. The worst conditions occurred during the reign of King Roderic, the last King of the Goths defeated the Muslim army. Early destruction of the kingdom of the Visigoths was when Roderic move its capital from Seville to Toledo, while Witiza, who was a ruler of the territory of Toledo, was dismissed just like that. This state and incurred the wrath of Oppas Achila, brother and son Witiza. Both were later gathered up the strength to topple Roderic. They went to North Africa and joined the Muslims. Meanwhile there is also conflict between the Queen of King Roderick Julian, a former ruler of Septah. Julian also joined the Muslims in North Africa and support the efforts of Muslims to master Spanish, Julian even lend four ships used by Tharif, Tariq and Musa.


     This benefit is that the Muslim army consisting of soldiers Roderic oppressed slaves no longer have the spirit of war, in addition, Jews who had been depressed also have fellowship and providing assistance to fight the Muslims. When the conquest is the conquest of the leaders of powerful figures, which have a compact army, and full of confidence. Equally important are the teachings of Islam that indicated the soldiers of Islam, namely tolerance, fraternity and mutual help. The attitude of religious tolerance and brotherhood contained in the person of the Muslims that led to the Spanish population welcomed the presence of Islam there.

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